We would like to thank the patients and all the staff that participated in these clinical trials at all the sites, and the WWARN team for technical and administrative support.
The WWARN ACT Africa Baseline Study Group writing committee
Prabin Dahal, Umberto d’Alessandro, Grant Dorsey, Philippe J Guerin, Christian Nsanzabana, Ric N Price, Carol H Sibley, Kasia Stepniewska and Ambrose O Talisuna.
Salim Abdulla1, Ishag Adam2, George O Adjei3, Martin A Adjuik4, Bereket Alemayehu5, Richard Allan6, Emmanuel Arinaitwe7, Elizabeth A Ashley8, Mamadou S Ba9, Hubert Barennes10,11, Karen I Barnes12,13, Quique Bassat14,15, Elisabeth Baudin8, Nicole Berens-Riha16,17, Anders Björkman18, François Bompart19, Maryline Bonnet20, Steffen Borrmann21,22,23, Teun Bousema24,25, Philippe Brasseur26, Hasifa Bukirwa27, Francesco Checchi8, Prabin Dahal28,29, Umberto D'Alessandro30,31,32, Meghna Desai33, Alassane Dicko34,35, Abdoulaye A Djimdé34, Grant Dorsey36, Ogobara K Doumbo34, Chris J Drakeley23, Stephan Duparc37, Teferi Eshetu15,38, Emmanuelle Espié8, Jean-François Etard8,39, Abul M Faiz40, Catherine O Falade41, Caterina I Fanello42, Jean‐François Faucher43,44,45, Babacar Faye9, Oumar Faye9, Scott Filler46, Jennifer A Flegg28,47, Bakary Fofana34, Carole Fogg48, Nahla B Gadalla24,49,50, Oumar Gaye9, Blaise Genton51,52, Peter W Gething53, José P Gil54,55,56, Raquel González14,15, Francesco Grandesso8, Bryan Greenhouse36, Brian Greenwood32, Anastasia Grivoyannis57, Philippe J Guerin28,29, Jean-Paul Guthmann58, Kamal Hamed59, Sally Hamour60, Simon I Hay61,62,63, Eva Maria Hodel51,64, Georgina S Humphreys28,29, Jimee Hwang33,65, Maman L Ibrahim66, Daddi Jima67, Joel J Jones68, Vincent Jullien69, Elizabeth Juma70, Patrick S Kachur33, Piet A Kager71, Erasmus Kamugisha72, Moses R Kamya73, Corine Karema74, Kassoum Kayentao34, Jean-René Kiechel75, Fred Kironde76, Poul-Erik Kofoed77,78, Peter G Kremsner22,79, Sanjeev Krishna80, Valérie Lameyre19, Bertrand Lell22,79, Angeles Lima81, Michael Makanga82, ElFatih M Malik83, Kevin Marsh21,29, Andreas Mårtensson18,84,85, Achille Massougbodji86, Hervé Menan87, Didier Menard88, Clara Menéndez14,15, Petra F Mens71,89, Martin Meremikwu90,91, Clarissa Moreira28,29, Carolyn Nabasumba8,92, Michael Nambozi93, Jean-Louis Ndiaye9, Billy E Ngasala94,95, Frederic Nikiema96, Christian Nsanzabana28,29, Francine Ntoumi22,97, Mary Oguike24, Bernhards R Ogutu98, Piero Olliaro29,99, Sabah A Omar100, Jean-Bosco Ouédraogo10,96, Seth Owusu-Agyei101, Louis K Penali102, Mbaye Pene9, Judy Peshu21, Patrice Piola103, Christopher V Plowe104, Zul Premji94, Ric N Price28,29,105, Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia106, Lars Rombo107,108,109, Cally Roper110, Philip J Rosenthal36, Issaka Sagara34, Albert Same-Ekobo111, Patrick Sawa112, Henk DFH Schallig89, Birgit Schramm8, Amadou Seck102, Seif A Shekalaghe1,113, Carol H Sibley28,114, Véronique Sinou115, Sodiomon B Sirima116, Fabrice A Somé96, Doudou Sow9, Sarah G Staedke7,117, Kasia Stepniewska28,29, Colin J Sutherland24, Todd D Swarthout118, Khadime Sylla9, Ambrose O Talisuna119,120, Walter RJ Taylor99,121, Emmanuel A Temu6,51,122, Julie I Thwing33, Roger CK Tine9, Halidou Tinto10,96, Silva Tommasini123, Offianan A Touré124, Johan Ursing77,95, Michel T Vaillant125,126, Giovanni Valentini123, Ingrid Van den Broek118,127, Michele Van Vugt128, Stephen A Ward129, Peter A Winstanley130, William Yavo131,132, Adoke Yeka27, Yah M Zolia68 and Issaka Zongo96.
1Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
2Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
3Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
4INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Accra, Ghana
5International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
6The MENTOR Initiative, Crawley, UK
7Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
8Epicentre, Paris, France
9Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
10Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
11French Foreign Affairs, Biarritz, France
12WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Pharmacology module, Cape Town, South Africa
13Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
14Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique
15ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
16Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
17German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) at LMU, Munich, Germany
18Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
19Direction Accès au Médicament/Access to Medicines, Sanofi Aventis, Gentilly, France
20Epicentre, Geneva, Switzerland
21Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
22Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
23German Centre for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
24Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
25Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Njimegen, the Netherlands
26Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
27Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda
28WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK
29Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
30Unit of Malariology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
31Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, the Gambia
32Department of Diseases Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
33Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
34Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
35Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
36Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
37Medicine for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
38Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University (JU), Jimma, Ethiopia
39Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
40Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
41Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
42Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
43Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mother and Child Health in the Tropics Research Unit, Paris, France
44PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
45Department of Infectious Diseases, Besançon University Medical Center, Besançon, France
46The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland
47School of Mathematical Sciences and Monash Academy for Cross and Interdisciplinary Mathematical Applications, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
48University of Portsmouth/Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
49Department of Epidemiology, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
50National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Rockville, MD, USA
51Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
52Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
53Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
54Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Drug Resistance Unit, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
55Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
56The Harpur College of Arts and Sciences, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
57Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
58Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint Maurice, France
59Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
60UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
61Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
62Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
63Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
64Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
65Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
66Unité de Parasitologie, Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger
67Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
68National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Monrovia, Liberia
69Université Paris Descartes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
70Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
71Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
72Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
73College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
74Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division-RBC, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda 75Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
76Departement of Biochemistry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
77Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
78Department of Paediatrics, Kolding Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
79Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
80Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
81Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Centre Barcelona – Athens, Barcelona, Spain
82European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Cape Town, South Africa
83Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
84Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
85Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
86Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l’Enfant (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
87Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
88Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
89Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
90Department of Paediatrics, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
91Institute of Tropical Diseases Research and Prevention, Calabar, Nigeria
92Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
93Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
94Department of Parasitology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
95Malaria Research, Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
96Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
97Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, République du Congo
98Kenya Medical Research Institute/United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kisumu, Kenya
99UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
100Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Nairobi, Kenya
101Kintampo Health Research Center, Kintampo, Ghana
102WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN)-West Africa Regional Centre, Dakar, Senegal
103Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
104Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
105Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
106Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
107Malaria Research Laboratory, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
108Department of Infectious Diseases Mälarsjukhuset 631 88 Eskilstuna, Sweden
109Centre for Clinical Research, Sörmland, Uppsala, Sweden
110Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
111Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
112Human Health Division, International Centre for insect physiology and Ecology, Mbita, Kenya
113Kilimanjaro Clinical Medical Research Institite, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
114Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
115UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
116Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
117Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
118Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK
119WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN)-East Africa Regional Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
120University of Oxford/KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
121Service de Médecine Internationale et Humanitaire, Hopitaux Universitaries de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
122University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
123Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A, Rome, Italy
124Malariology department, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
125Methodology and Statistical Unit, Center for Health Studies, CRP Santé, Luxemburg, Luxemburg
126Unité 3677, Bases thérapeutiques des inflammations et infections, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
127Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
128Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
129Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
130Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
131Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
132Malaria Research and Control Center, National Institute of Public Health, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
More information about the authors can be found in (Additional file 5).
Funding
WWARN is funded by a Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant. The funder did not participate in the study protocol development or the writing of the paper.