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  1. To date, no therapeutic option has been established for sudden deafness refractory to systemic corticosteroids. This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of topical insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-...

    Authors: Takayuki Nakagawa, Kozo Kumakawa, Shin-ichi Usami, Naohito Hato, Keiji Tabuchi, Mariko Takahashi, Keizo Fujiwara, Akira Sasaki, Shizuo Komune, Tatsunori Sakamoto, Harukazu Hiraumi, Norio Yamamoto, Shiro Tanaka, Harue Tada, Michio Yamamoto, Atsushi Yonezawa…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:219
  2. Plasmodium vivax causes almost half of all malaria cases in Asia and is recognised as a significant cause of morbidity. In recent years it has been associated with severe and fatal disease. The extent to which P...

    Authors: Nicholas M Douglas, Gysje J Pontororing, Daniel A Lampah, Tsin W Yeo, Enny Kenangalem, Jeanne Rini Poespoprodjo, Anna P Ralph, Michael J Bangs, Paulus Sugiarto, Nicholas M Anstey and Ric N Price
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:217
  3. The concept of `early life programming' considers the importance of very early environmental exposures throughout the gestational period on the subsequent health outcomes of offspring. The role of maternal die...

    Authors: Adrienne O'Neil, Catherine Itsiopoulos, Helen Skouteris, Rachelle S Opie, Skye McPhie, Briony Hill and Felice N Jacka
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:208
  4. Vascular factors are now established risk factors for cognitive decline, both for dementia and its two main subtypes: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia. Their impact likely goes beyond causing an ...

    Authors: John T O’Brien and Hugh S Markus
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:218
  5. Increasing evidence suggests vascular risk factors (VRF) play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Epidemiological studies have found associations between VRF and risk of AD. Treating VRF in...

    Authors: Raffaella Valenti, Leonardo Pantoni and Hugh S Markus
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:160
  6. Nearly 1 in 5 people living with HIV in the United States are unaware they are infected. Therefore, it is important to develop and evaluate health communication messages that clinicians can use to encourage HI...

    Authors: Monica L Kasting, Anthony D Cox, Dena Cox, Kenneth H Fife, Barry P Katz and Gregory D Zimet
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:204
  7. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) have been widely used in a variety of malignancies. Severe infections (≥grade 3) are potentially life-threatening adverse events with ...

    Authors: Wei-Xiang Qi, Shen Fu, Qing Zhang and Xiao-Mao Guo
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:203
  8. The Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein (FTO) gene rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance (IR), and type 2 diabetes mellitus in...

    Authors: Daniel Pineda-Tenor, Juan Berenguer, María A Jiménez-Sousa, Mónica García-Alvarez, Teresa Aldámiz-Echevarria, Ana Carrero, Sonia Vázquez-Morón, Pilar García-Broncano, Cristina Diez, Francisco Tejerina, María Guzmán-Fulgencio and Salvador Resino
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:198
  9. Breathlessness is common in advanced cancer. The Breathlessness Intervention Service (BIS) is a multi-disciplinary complex intervention theoretically underpinned by a palliative care approach, utilising eviden...

    Authors: Morag C Farquhar, A Toby Prevost, Paul McCrone, Barbara Brafman-Price, Allison Bentley, Irene J Higginson, Chris Todd and Sara Booth
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:194
  10. Evidence suggests that amongst people with dementia there is a high prevalence of comorbid medical conditions and related complaints. The presence of dementia may complicate clinical care for other conditions ...

    Authors: Frances Bunn, Anne-Marie Burn, Claire Goodman, Greta Rait, Sam Norton, Louise Robinson, Johan Schoeman and Carol Brayne
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:192
  11. Current approaches are unlikely to achieve the aggressive global tuberculosis (TB) control targets set for 2035 and beyond. Active case finding (ACF) may be an important tool for augmenting existing strategies...

    Authors: Andrew S Azman, Jonathan E Golub and David W Dowdy
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:216
  12. The expectation that the primary function of systematic reviews in medical education is to guide the development of professional practice requires basic standards to make the reports of these reviews more usef...

    Authors: Rachel H Ellaway
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:193
  13. Children with borderline to mild intellectual disability (BMID) have been shown to be at increased risk for psychosocial problems. The presence of these psychosocial problems leads to parenting stress. Steppin...

    Authors: Marijke Kleefman, Daniëlle EMC Jansen, Roy E Stewart and Sijmen A Reijneveld
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:191
  14. Considered an epicenter of pandemic influenza virus generation, southern China has recently seen an increasing number of human H7N9 infections. However, it is not the only threat. On 30 November 2013, a human ...

    Authors: Wenbao Qi, Shuo Su, Chencheng Xiao, Pei Zhou, Huanan Li, Changwen Ke, Gregory C Gray, Guihong Zhang and Ming Liao
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:205
  15. Authorship guidelines have established criteria to guide author selection based on significance of contribution and helped to define associated responsibilities and accountabilities for the published findings....

    Authors: Ana Maruš.ić, Darko Hren, Bernadette Mansi, Neil Lineberry, Ananya Bhattacharya, Maureen Garrity, Juli Clark, Thomas Gesell, Susan Glasser, John Gonzalez, Carolyn Hustad, Mary-Margaret Lannon, LaVerne A Mooney and Teresa Peña
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:197
  16. China, like other countries, is facing a growing burden of chronic disease but the prevalence of multimorbidity and implications for the healthcare system have been little researched. We examined the epidemiol...

    Authors: Harry HX Wang, Jia Ji Wang, Samuel YS Wong, Martin CS Wong, Fang Jian Li, Pei Xi Wang, Zhi Heng Zhou, Chun Yan Zhu, Sian M Griffiths and Stewart W Mercer
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:188
  17. The forthcoming post-Millennium Development Goals era will bring about new challenges in global health. Low- and middle-income countries will have to contend with a dual burden of infectious and non-communicab...

    Authors: Alan D Lopez, Thomas N Williams, Adeera Levin, Marcello Tonelli, Jasvinder A Singh, Peter GJ Burney, Jürgen Rehm, Nora D Volkow, George Koob and Cleusa P Ferri
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:200
  18. The purpose of this study was to identify whether the distribution of Hounsfield Unit (HU) values across the intracranial area in computed tomography (CT) images can be used as an effective diagnostic tool for...

    Authors: Hakseung Kim, Gwang-dong Kim, Byung C Yoon, Keewon Kim, Byung-Jo Kim, Young Hun Choi, Marek Czosnyka, Byung-Mo Oh and Dong-Joo Kim
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:186
  19. Alcohol consumption is a major global risk factor for mortality and morbidity. Much discussion has revolved around the diverse findings on the complex relationship between alcohol consumption and the leading c...

    Authors: Michael Roerecke and Jürgen Rehm
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:182
  20. The myocardial effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) have recently received consideration in several preclinical studies. The risk/benefit ratio in humans remains unclear.

    Authors: Elisa Giannetta, Tiziana Feola, Daniele Gianfrilli, Riccardo Pofi, Valentina Dall’Armi, Roberto Badagliacca, Federica Barbagallo, Andrea Lenzi and Andrea M Isidori
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:185
  21. Gene-environment interactions have the potential to shed light on biological processes leading to disease, identify individuals for whom risk factors are most relevant, and improve the accuracy of epidemiologi...

    Authors: Olivia Fletcher and Frank Dudbridge
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:195
  22. Visual impairment is common in older people and the presence of additional health conditions can compromise health and rehabilitation outcomes. A small number of studies have suggested that comorbities are com...

    Authors: Helen Court, Gary McLean, Bruce Guthrie, Stewart W Mercer and Daniel J Smith
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:181
  23. Polymorphism in antigens is a common mechanism for immune evasion used by many important pathogens, and presents major challenges in vaccine development. In malaria, many key immune targets and vaccine candida...

    Authors: Ulrich Terheggen, Damien R Drew, Anthony N Hodder, Nadia J Cross, Cleopatra K Mugyenyi, Alyssa E Barry, Robin F Anders, Sheetij Dutta, Faith HA Osier, Salenna R Elliott, Nicolas Senn, Danielle I Stanisic, Kevin Marsh, Peter M Siba, Ivo Mueller, Jack S Richards…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:183
  24. Guidelines and experts describe 5% to 10% reductions in body weight as `clinically important’; however, it is not clear if 5% to 10% weight reductions correspond to clinically important improvements in health-...

    Authors: Lindsey M Warkentin, Sumit R Majumdar, Jeffrey A Johnson, Calypse B Agborsangaya, Christian F Rueda-Clausen, Arya M Sharma, Scott W Klarenbach, Shahzeer Karmali, Daniel W Birch and Raj S Padwal
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:175
  25. Overweight and obesity during pregnancy represents a considerable health burden. While research has focused on interventions to limit gestational weight gain, there is little information describing their impac...

    Authors: Jodie M Dodd, Andrew J McPhee, Deborah Turnbull, Lisa N Yelland, Andrea R Deussen, Rosalie M Grivell, Caroline A Crowther, Gary Wittert, Julie A Owens and Jeffrey S Robinson
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:163
  26. Overweight and obesity is a significant health concern during pregnancy. Our aim was to investigate the effect of providing antenatal dietary and lifestyle advice to women who are overweight or obese on compon...

    Authors: Jodie M Dodd, Courtney Cramp, Zhixian Sui, Lisa N Yelland, Andrea R Deussen, Rosalie M Grivell, Lisa J Moran, Caroline A Crowther, Deborah Turnbull, Andrew J McPhee, Gary Wittert, Julie A Owens and Jeffrey S Robinson
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:161
  27. Excess body weight, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and certain dietary factors are individually related to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk; however, little is known about their joint effects. The...

    Authors: Krasimira Aleksandrova, Tobias Pischon, Mazda Jenab, H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Veronika Fedirko, Teresa Norat, Dora Romaguera, Sven Knüppel, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Laure Dossus, Laureen Dartois, Rudolf Kaaks, Kuanrong Li, Anne Tjønneland, Kim Overvad, José Ramón Quirós…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:168
  28. Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a group of rare disorders that have multi-system effects and patients present with a number of both acute and chronic pain care needs. Effects on quality of life ...

    Authors: Kenneth R Goldschneider, Julie Good, Emily Harrop, Christina Liossi, Anne Lynch-Jordan, Anna E Martinez, Lynne G Maxwell and Danette Stanko-Lopp
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:178
  29. There is a need for development of more effective interventions to achieve healthy eating, enhance healthy ageing, and to reduce the risk of age-related diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the beha...

    Authors: Jose Lara, Elizabeth H Evans, Nicola O’Brien, Paula J Moynihan, Thomas D Meyer, Ashley J Adamson, Linda Errington, Falko F Sniehotta, Martin White and John C Mathers
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:177
  30. Voluntary medical male circumcision has been conclusively demonstrated to reduce the lifetime risk of male acquisition of HIV. The strategy has been adopted as a component of a comprehensive strategy towards a...

    Authors: Vincent Mutabazi, Jamie I Forrest, Nathan Ford and Edward J Mills
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:184
  31. Older patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) face the decision of whether to undergo dialysis. Currently available data on this issue are limited because they were generated by small, short-term s...

    Authors: Chia-Jen Shih, Yung-Tai Chen, Shuo-Ming Ou, Wu-Chang Yang, Shu-Chen Kuo and Der-Cherng Tarng
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:169
  32. The prevalence of multimorbidity (the presence of two or more long-term conditions) is rising internationally. Multimorbidity affects patients by increasing their burden of symptoms, but is also likely to incr...

    Authors: Katie I Gallacher, G David Batty, Gary McLean, Stewart W Mercer, Bruce Guthrie, Carl R May, Peter Langhorne and Frances S Mair
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:151
  33. Waist circumference (WC) is used to indirectly measure abdominal adipose tissue and the associated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Because of its easy implementation a...

    Authors: Ana María Contardo Ayala, Giel Nijpels and Jeroen Lakerveld
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2014 12:170