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  1. Very low quality (VLQ) evidence translates into very low confidence in the balance of risk and benefits based on the estimates drawn from the body of evidence. Consequently, this assessment highlights gaps in ...

    Authors: Naykky Singh Ospina, Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez, Juan P. Brito, William F. Young Jr. and Victor M. Montori
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:187
  2. Regenerative medicine relying on cell and gene therapies is one of the most promising approaches to repair tissues. Multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC), a population of progenitors committing into...

    Authors: Naomi D’souza, Filippo Rossignoli, Giulia Golinelli, Giulia Grisendi, Carlotta Spano, Olivia Candini, Satoru Osturu, Fabio Catani, Paolo Paolucci, Edwin M. Horwitz and Massimo Dominici
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:186
  3. Frailty is increasingly relevant for clinicians to improve care for vulnerable older adults. Prominent frailty measures include the frailty phenotype and the frailty index. The frailty phenotype is grounded in...

    Authors: Jeremy D. Walston and Karen Bandeen-Roche
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:185
  4. Oncogenic mutations are common in thyroid cancers. While the frequently detected RAS-oncogene mutations have been studied for diagnostic use in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules, no investigation has st...

    Authors: Marco Medici, Norra Kwong, Trevor E. Angell, Ellen Marqusee, Matthew I. Kim, Mary C. Frates, Carol B. Benson, Edmund S. Cibas, Justine A. Barletta, Jeffrey F. Krane, Daniel T. Ruan, Nancy L. Cho, Atul A. Gawande, Francis D. Moore Jr and Erik K. Alexander
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:184
  5. The distribution of Plasmodium falciparum clinical malaria episodes is over-dispersed among children in endemic areas, with more children experiencing multiple clinical episodes than would be expected based on a ...

    Authors: Francis Maina Ndungu, Kevin Marsh, Gregory Fegan, Juliana Wambua, George Nyangweso, Edna Ogada, Tabitha Mwangi, Chris Nyundo, Alex Macharia, Sophie Uyoga, Thomas N Williams and Philip Bejon
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:183
  6. Epigenetic variation has been linked to several human diseases. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a major cause of vision loss in subjects with diabetes. However, studies examining the association be...

    Authors: Elisabet Agardh, Annika Lundstig, Alexander Perfilyev, Petr Volkov, Tove Freiburghaus, Eero Lindholm, Tina Rönn, Carl-David Agardh and Charlotte Ling
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:182
  7. The academic community is under great pressure to publish. This pressure is compounded by high rejection rates at many journals. A more recent trend is for some journals to send invitations directly to researc...

    Authors: David Moher and Anubhav Srivastava
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:180
  8. Chronic diseases contribute a large share of disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Chronic diseases have a tendency to occur simultaneously and where there are two or more such conditions...

    Authors: Perianayagam Arokiasamy, Uttamacharya Uttamacharya, Kshipra Jain, Richard Berko Biritwum, Alfred Edwin Yawson, Fan Wu, Yanfei Guo, Tamara Maximova, Betty Manrique Espinoza, Aarón Salinas Rodríguez, Sara Afshar, Sanghamitra Pati, Gillian Ice, Sube Banerjee, Melissa A. Liebert, James Josh Snodgrass…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:178
  9. The likelihood of recurrence in patients with breast cancer who have HER2-positive tumors is relatively high, although trastuzumab is a remarkably effective drug in this setting. Signal transducer and activato...

    Authors: Amir Sonnenblick, Sylvain Brohée, Debora Fumagalli, Delphine Vincent, David Venet, Michail Ignatiadis, Roberto Salgado, Gert Van den Eynden, Françoise Rothé, Christine Desmedt, Patrick Neven, Sibylle Loibl, Carsten Denkert, Heikki Joensuu, Sherene Loi, Nicolas Sirtaine…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:177
  10. Low birth weight and unhealthy lifestyles in adulthood have been independently associated with an elevated risk of hypertension. However, no study has examined the joint effects of these factors on incidence o...

    Authors: Yanping Li, Sylvia H. Ley, Tyler J. VanderWeele, Gary C. Curhan, Janet W. Rich-Edwards, Walter C. Willett, John P. Forman, Frank B. Hu and Lu Qi
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:175
  11. Mortality in paediatric emergency care units in Africa often occurs within the first 24 h of admission and remains high. Alongside effective triage systems, a practical clinical bedside risk score to identify ...

    Authors: Elizabeth C. George, A. Sarah Walker, Sarah Kiguli, Peter Olupot-Olupot, Robert O. Opoka, Charles Engoru, Samuel O. Akech, Richard Nyeko, George Mtove, Hugh Reyburn, James A. Berkley, Ayub Mpoya, Michael Levin, Jane Crawley, Diana M. Gibb, Kathryn Maitland…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:174
  12. In the UK, a man’s lifetime risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer is 1 in 8. We calculated both the lifetime risk of being diagnosed with and dying from prostate cancer by major ethnic group.

    Authors: Therese Lloyd, Luke Hounsome, Anita Mehay, Sarah Mee, Julia Verne and Alison Cooper
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:171
  13. Considerable emphasis is presently being placed on usage of generic medicines by governments focussed on the potential economic benefits associated with their use. Concurrently, there is increasing discussion ...

    Authors: Suzanne S. Dunne and Colum P. Dunne
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:173
  14. The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine candidate recently completed Phase III trials in 11 African sites. Recommendations for its deployment will partly depend on predictions of public health impact in endemic countri...

    Authors: Melissa A Penny, Katya Galactionova, Michael Tarantino, Marcel Tanner and Thomas A Smith
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:170
  15. The introduction of modern troponin assays has facilitated diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction due to improved sensitivity with corresponding loss of specificity. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated wi...

    Authors: Christoph Liebetrau, Michael Weber, Stergios Tzikas, Lars Palapies, Helge Möllmann, Gerhard Pioro, Tanja Zeller, Andres Beiras-Fernandez, Christoph Bickel, Andreas M. Zeiher, Karl J. Lackner, Stephan Baldus, Holger M. Nef, Stefan Blankenberg, Christian W. Hamm, Thomas Münzel…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:169
  16. The Alere point-of-care (POC) Pima™ CD4 analyzer allows for decentralized testing and expansion to testing antiretroviral therapy (ART) eligibility. A consortium conducted a pooled multi-data technical perform...

    Authors: Lesley E. Scott, Jennifer Campbell, Larry Westerman, Luc Kestens, Lara Vojnov, Luciana Kohastsu, John Nkengasong, Trevor Peter and Wendy Stevens
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:168
  17. Although global efforts in the past decade have halved the number of deaths due to malaria, there are still an estimated 219 million cases of malaria a year, causing more than half a million deaths. In this fo...

    Authors: Marcel Tanner, Brian Greenwood, Christopher J. M. Whitty, Evelyn K. Ansah, Ric N. Price, Arjen M. Dondorp, Lorenz von Seidlein, J. Kevin Baird, James G. Beeson, Freya J.I. Fowkes, Janet Hemingway, Kevin Marsh and Faith Osier
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:167
  18. Cardiovascular factors and low education are important risk factors of dementia. We provide contemporary estimates of the proportion of dementia cases that could be prevented if modifiable risk factors were el...

    Authors: Renée FAG de Bruijn, Michiel J Bos, Marileen LP Portegies, Albert Hofman, Oscar H Franco, Peter J Koudstaal and M Arfan Ikram
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:132
  19. Individual income and poverty are associated with poor health outcomes. The poor face unique challenges related to access, education, financial capacity, environmental effects, and other factors that threaten ...

    Authors: Ali H. Mokdad, Marielle C. Gagnier, K. Ellicott Colson, Paola Zúñiga-Brenes, Diego Ríos-Zertuche, Annie Haakenstad, Erin B. Palmisano, Brent W. Anderson, Sima S. Desai, Catherine W. Gillespie, Tasha Murphy, Paria Naghavi, Jennifer Nelson, Dharani Ranganathan, Alexandra Schaefer, Gulnoza Usmanova…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:164
  20. In vivo imaging of brain amyloid using positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is widely used in research studies of dementia, with three amyloid PET ligands being licenced for clinical use. The main clini...

    Authors: John T. O’Brien and Karl Herholz
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:163
  21. The relationship between age-related frailty and the underlying processes that drive changes in health is currently unclear. Considered individually, most blood biomarkers show only weak relationships with fra...

    Authors: Arnold Mitnitski, Joanna Collerton, Carmen Martin-Ruiz, Carol Jagger, Thomas von Zglinicki, Kenneth Rockwood and Thomas B. L. Kirkwood
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:161
  22. The use of adult stem cells is limited by the quality and quantity of host stem cells. It has been demonstrated that Wharton’s jelly–derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs), a primitive stromal population, cou...

    Authors: Lian R Gao, Yu Chen, Ning K Zhang, Xi L Yang, Hui L Liu, Zhi G Wang, Xiao Y Yan, Yu Wang, Zhi M Zhu, Tian C Li, Li H Wang, Hai Y Chen, Yun D Chen, Chao L Huang, Peng Qu, Chen Yao…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:162
  23. With more than 600,000 deaths from malaria, mainly of children under five years old and caused by infection with Plasmodium falciparum, comes an urgent need for an effective anti-malaria vaccine. Limited details ...

    Authors: Jingling Zhou, Gaoqian Feng, James Beeson, P. Mark Hogarth, Stephen J. Rogerson, Yan Yan and Anthony Jaworowski
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:154

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Medicine 2015 13:290

  24. Up to 50 % of HIV-infected persons in sub-Saharan Africa are lost from care between HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Structural barriers, including cost of transportation to clinic an...

    Authors: Mark J. Siedner, Data Santorino, Alexander J. Lankowski, Michael Kanyesigye, Mwebesa B. Bwana, Jessica E. Haberer and David R. Bangsberg
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:160
  25. The peer review process is a cornerstone of biomedical research publications. However, it may fail to allow the publication of high-quality articles. We aimed to identify and sort, according to their importanc...

    Authors: Anthony Chauvin, Philippe Ravaud, Gabriel Baron, Caroline Barnes and Isabelle Boutron
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:158
  26. When faced with uncertainties about the effects of medical interventions regulatory agencies, guideline developers, clinicians, and researchers commonly ask for more research, and in particular for more random...

    Authors: Milo A. Puhan, Tsung Yu, Cynthia M. Boyd and Gerben ter Riet
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:157
  27. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is a protein related with the carcinogenesis process and metastasis formation in many tumors. However, little is known about the prognostic value of ANXA1 in breast cancer. The purpose of th...

    Authors: Marcelo Sobral-Leite, Jelle Wesseling, Vincent T. H. B. M. Smit, Heli Nevanlinna, Martine H. van Miltenburg, Joyce Sanders, Ingrid Hofland, Fiona M. Blows, Penny Coulson, Gazinska Patrycja, Jan H. M. Schellens, Rainer Fagerholm, Päivi Heikkilä, Kristiina Aittomäki, Carl Blomqvist, Elena Provenzano…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:156
  28. Authors: Ana Carolina de Carvalho, Cristovam Scapulatempo-Neto, Danielle Calheiros Campelo Maia, Adriane Feijó Evangelista, Mariana Andozia Morini, André Lopes Carvalho and André Luiz Vettore
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:155

    The original article was published in BMC Medicine 2015 13:108

  29. Aspirin is widely used to lessen the risks of cardiovascular events. Some studies suggest that patients with multiple sclerosis have an increased risk for some cardiovascular events, for example, venous thromb...

    Authors: Sheila Tsau, Mitchell R. Emerson, Sharon G. Lynch and Steven M. LeVine
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:153
  30. Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder in humans as well as the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability. A spectrum of physical and functional disability is associated with the sy...

    Authors: Shaista Hafeez, Mausam Singhera and Robert Huddart
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:152
  31. The Arthroplasty Pain Experience (APEX) studies are two randomised controlled trials in primary total hip (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) at a large UK orthopaedics centre. APEX investigated the effect ...

    Authors: Elsa MR Marques, Ashley W. Blom, Erik Lenguerrand, Vikki Wylde and Sian M. Noble
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:151
  32. Mothers are at risk of domestic violence (DV) and its harmful consequences postpartum. There is no evidence to date for sustainability of DV screening in primary care settings. We aimed to test whether a theor...

    Authors: Angela J. Taft, Leesa Hooker, Cathy Humphreys, Kelsey Hegarty, Ruby Walter, Catina Adams, Paul Agius and Rhonda Small
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:150
  33. In 2010 falls were responsible for approximately 80 % of disability stemming from unintentional injuries excluding traffic accidents in adults 50 years and over. Falls are becoming a major public health proble...

    Authors: Jennifer Stewart Williams, Paul Kowal, Heather Hestekin, Tristan O’Driscoll, Karl Peltzer, Alfred Yawson, Richard Biritwum, Tamara Maximova, Aarón Salinas Rodríguez, Betty Manrique Espinoza, Fan Wu, Perianayagam Arokiasamy and Somnath Chatterji
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:147
  34. Inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has been intensively studied to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate t...

    Authors: Xin-Lin Zhang, Qing-Qing Zhu, Li Zhu, Jian-Zhou Chen, Qin-Hua Chen, Guan-Nan Li, Jun Xie, Li-Na Kang and Biao Xu
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:123
  35. The “big data” paradigm has gained a lot of attention recently, in particular in those areas of biomedicine where we face clear unmet medical needs. Coined as a new paradigm for complex problem solving, big da...

    Authors: Martin Hofmann-Apitius
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:145
  36. Serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists are commonly used to decrease nausea and vomiting for surgery patients, but these agents may be harmful. We conducted a systematic review on the comparative safety of 5-HT3 ...

    Authors: Andrea C Tricco, Charlene Soobiah, Erik Blondal, Areti A Veroniki, Paul A Khan, Afshin Vafaei, John Ivory, Lisa Strifler, Huda Ashoor, Heather MacDonald, Emily Reynen, Reid Robson, Joanne Ho, Carmen Ng, Jesmin Antony, Kelly Mrklas…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:142
  37. Serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists are commonly used to decrease nausea and vomiting for surgery patients. We conducted a systematic review on the comparative efficacy of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists.

    Authors: Andrea C. Tricco, Charlene Soobiah, Erik Blondal, Areti A. Veroniki, Paul A. Khan, Afshin Vafaei, John Ivory, Lisa Strifler, Huda Ashoor, Heather MacDonald, Emily Reynen, Reid Robson, Joanne Ho, Carmen Ng, Jesmin Antony, Kelly Mrklas…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:136
  38. Aluminum oxyhydroxide (alum) is a crystalline compound widely used as an immunologic adjuvant of vaccines. Concerns linked to alum particles have emerged following recognition of their causative role in the so...

    Authors: Housam Eidi, Marie-Odile David, Guillemette Crépeaux, Laetitia Henry, Vandana Joshi, Marie-Hélène Berger, Mohamed Sennour, Josette Cadusseau, Romain K. Gherardi and Patrick A. Curmi
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:144
  39. While the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs; 2000–2015) focused primarily on poverty reduction, hunger and infectious diseases, the proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets pay more attention...

    Authors: Corinna Hawkes and Barry M. Popkin
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:143
  40. Many clinical trials have shown the efficacy of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in the management of breast cancer (BC). There is growing evidence that CYP19A1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated wit...

    Authors: Osvaldo Artigalás, Tazio Vanni, Mara Helena Hutz, Patricia Ashton-Prolla and Ida Vanessa Schwartz
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:139